Is Communication Competency a Skill or an Art

Is Communication competency an aptitude or a workmanship? Correspondence competency is an ability that depends on a mix of conduct and information. To impart viably, you should comprehend social decent variety, have great language aptitudes, tuning in and relational abilities. As per David Morley’s exposition, â€Å"Communication†, states that all correspondence alludes to the movement of giving, or transmitting messages containing, data, thoughts, or information. With correspondence you can acquire the regard from a large number of individuals all because of the manner in which you carry your message across.People with an unmistakable vision and the aptitudes to discuss that vision with the energy that makes them infectious become pioneers. Pioneers, for example, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, and Adolf Hitler transmit genuine motivation and appeal. These incredible pioneers were prepped from an extremely youthful age. Napoleon the primary adapted rapidly the impact of the media and in 1793 distributed a prorepublican flyer, â€Å" Le Souper de Beaucaire â€Å". He likewise established two papers both for the soldiers in his military and furthermore for course in France.His exacting oversight and control from each part of the press, permitting the general population to perceive what he needed them to see. Alan Forrest in the, â€Å"Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France† clarifies how Napoleon encouraged a significant relationship with the workmanship network. In doing this he shapes a functioning job in controlling all types of craftsmanship creation to suit his purposeful publicity objectives. Purposeful publicity is an attestation of eager or lively explanation introduced as a reality. Promulgation is a talented type of correspondence that has been more than once utilized all through history.Body language is non-verbal correspondence, for example, body pose, motions, outward appearances and eye developments. The motions or developments where an individual cognizant or oblivious imparts their musings or sentiments. Albert Mehrabian’s contemplates reached two essential resolutions. The first is three fundamental components in up close and personal correspondence; words, manner of speaking, and nonverbal conduct (outward appearances). The subsequent end was the way the individual non-verbally coordinate what is being said. Non-verbal signals are very mportant in passing on the message that the speaker is attempting to give. Mehrabian’s contemplates connected the impact of three components to correspondence: Words = 7%, Voice = 38%, and non-verbal communication = 55%. Knowing this and reflecting back, Hitler was an exceptionally talented and powerful speaker. He had a forceful passionate steadiness of direction in his talks. He would really rehearse his discourses and new what hand signals went where to make the best accentuation. Viewing the recordings of his talks without tone lets you see the force in his body language.With tone you can hear the diverse vocal tones and feeling he used to persuade the general population. Hitler was tutored by Dietrich Eckart, one of the early organizers of the mysterious Thule Society, and was educated legislative issues. He figured out how to utilize correspondence to get the open roused and moving the course he needed them to go. He had the option to turn a whole country around, giving them a will to make due, to flourish making him a fruitful pioneer. Hitler was not a decent individual, however was an incredible Leader.A man like Alexander the Great through the lessons of the extraordinary savant Aristotle, had the option to move keeping his military dynamic and faithful utilizing his superb relational abilities. This instruction manufactured a forceful enthusiastic intrigue (poignancy) validity of the speaker (ethos) and rationale (logos). Giving him the insight to impact the crowd to activity. Manner of speaking is t he ability in the powerful utilization of discourse or composing as an approach to convince or impact individuals. Aristotle clarifies it best in the book, â€Å"Rhetoric† (trans. W. Rhys Roberts. :4:1359), who thinks of it as a partner of both rationale and legislative issues, and calls it â€Å"the staff of seeing in some random case the accessible methods for persuasion†. Way of talking has been instructed in colleges during the medieval times and included impact inside the congregation. Thinking back through history we can perceive how the expertise of correspondence has affected the general public. These men where ready to take a bunch of thoughts, different language abilities and change them into a function of correspondence. These men were gifted in communication.When we take a gander at these pioneers, their instruction, their lives, and all the individuals that where continually around them. We can just reach the resolution that ‘Skill’ was the in tegral factor of their prosperity. The correspondence procedure requires various aptitudes in relational preparing, tuning in, watching, talking, and breaking down motions. Correspondence is possibly finished when the audience comprehends what the speaker is attempting to state. Misconceptions are remedied by questions and replies, deliberately positioned models or stories, follow up through basic reasoning and feedback.Communication competency is an aptitude of conveying the desired information, through the foundation clamor of culture. Utilizing the suitable words, forestalling misconception, understanding the crowd, indicating sympathy, and imparting eagerly. Truly, Communication competency is a skill.Sources: †¢ Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. organization/†¢ David Morley’s article, â€Å"Communication†. †¢ â€Å"Rhetoric† by Aristotle 350 B. C. E. (trans. W. Rhys Roberts. 1:4:1359) †¢ Mehrabian, Albert 1971. (Quiet Messages)

Reflective account on End-Of-Life Essay

A year ago 23 September 2012. I had an occupant called â€Å"Mrs X† she was a 72year-old bereaved living at â€, a Nursing Care Home. She’s not a strict sort of individual as she was Atheist. She has lived in the home for as far back as two years, and during that time I was allocated as her key laborer. Mrs X had One Son and 3 thousand little girls they are generally normal guests to the home. She has as of late been determined to have renal disappointment, and her future is just two or three months without dialysis. In the past Mrs X has clarified that when her â€Å"time comes† she needs to have the option to remain at Belmont House, and â€Å"go quietly†. She has expressed that she doesn't need any treatment that will draw out her life. This implies she has decided not to acknowledge dialysis. An arranging meeting, including Mrs X, her family and wellbeing and social consideration laborers has occurred, and a consideration and bolster plan has been se t up to help Mrs X to live easily at Belmont House. This has incorporated a conversation, drove by Mrs X, about her desires. She has clarified that she doesn't need any clinical intercession to draw out her life, and this has been recorded in a ‘advance care plan’. Mrs X’s 3 granddaughters are steady yet her child Mark experiences issues tolerating the choice, anyway he understood it’s her mums choice and to regard her mum’s wishes. Just as contribution from her GP, Mrs X will get ordinary help from expert attendants to deal with her indications and keep her agreeable. Everyday consideration and bolster will keep on being given by the consideration laborers. Mrs X’s granddaughters and Mark will invest energy with their Mother every day. This was the first run through since I started working at the Palliative consideration unit that I had been firmly associated with somebody who is biting the dust, and I was vexed and restless about thinking about Mrs X. My line chief was liable for guaranteeing that I am appropriately prepared and bolstered so Mrs X‘s needs and the requirements of her family are appropriately tended to. In our conversation with my line administrator, I was talked about my interests, my sentiments, and what I seen as the holes in my mastery. Mrs X is getting worn out, investing more energy resting. Her skin is delicate and the danger of skin breakdown has expanded altogether. I was experienced and qualified consideration laborer, yet I and my associates should be profoundly talented in overseeing Mrs X’s skin so it doesn't separate causing her expansion trouble. I was given by an extra preparing here so I feel certain and ready to take appropriate consideration of Mrs X’s skin. My line administrator consistently works close by with me on exhibited great healthy skin. This allowed her chance to watch me, and to exhibit best practice. She likewise conversed with the attendant masters, to see whether there are a specific creams or hardware that will profit Mrs X, or in the event that they have some other counsel. My chief given me additionally a day course for End of life and supporting individuals to live beyond words in a split second so I figured out how to share to Mrs X circumstance and condition and it works. ï Å¡ One day she conversed with me about her pass. She said when she was youth she had a doggy and 2years later the pooch was kicked the bucket. She’s crushed and don’t realize how to manage it until a day she discovered she has terminal sick. I discovered her one day she cried. I went to the circumstance of trouble and weepy anyway I kept in myself, and attempted to control and demonstrated my expert involvement with managing it. I conversed with her and brightened her up. I asked how was she invested energy with her doggy? She grinned and stated, loads of time she was appreciate with pup strolling to the fields together, when little dog was drained she open her tongue out and sit and calm. She’s grinned when she’s recounting to about her puppyâ€℠¢s story. So I got to the heart of the matter to ask her family. She’s calm for some time, and afterward she said my family just stayed with me when I showed up here aside from my most seasoned granddaughter. They never visit me when I was at my home. I was intrigued to tune in until she stated, â€Å"one day I’m gone nobody remain at my home aside from my most seasoned granddaughter. I was amazed which I known each time I saw her family came visited her they are grinned and extremely loquacious to the staff. I went to the staff office and I recorded to the consideration plan and afterward I answered to my line supervisor the story. It was my vacation day when she died. My associate messaged me and I hurried to come and see her before the under taker remove her. I was crushed anyway I figured out how to converse with her family and offered their beverages and different nuts and bolts they needs. Her family valued my time and friendliness. Up to that point, I was exceptionally mindful and to take care of well with the individuals passing on. And furthermore the family members concerns and wishes. Now and again, it wasn’t simple to discuss end of life issues yet it’s imperative to do. Presently that we’ve set up our undertakings and discussed what we need, we can â€Å"put that in a box† so to speak, and continue ahead with living each day in turn, appreciating every day together, as I probably am aware it’s going to end one day†¦

Public Policy and Opinion Polls Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Open Policy and Opinion Polls - Coursework Example It ought to be noticed that their perspectives don't really mirror those of the individuals yet should, at any rate in a perfect world. Approach content, then again, is an aftereffect of activities and convictions held by the political tip top who birth political procedures and set them moving. Dynamic, political methodology and foundations are vigorously reliant on the political tip top echelon (Dye, 2010). The general impact of this are laws which are intended to serve and oversee the individuals however which they truly have no state over. This is on the grounds that national assessments of public sentiment, however named mistaken, on a few events show a supposition which varies from that held by the individuals who represent political procedure (Dye, 2010). This wonder is shows a hostile pattern between strategy content and people in general. We should be concerned on the grounds that political procedures should have the enthusiasm of the regular man as its focal thought process. This is valid, at any rate on most events. An end can in this way made political procedures affect dynamic methods, particularly those concerning strategy

The Discussion part for paper of Customers and marketers co-creating a Essay

The Discussion part for paper of Customers and advertisers co-making a buy understanding - Essay Example Client buys isn't just about items and administrations. The individual experience of the clients after buying an item or potentially benefits additionally matters. The procedure of co-creation is significant since it could empower the clients to build up an increasingly important encounter and passionate connection with the company’s item as well as a particular brand name. This sort of connection between the clients and advertisers is indispensable in the turn of events and reinforcing of customers’ fulfillment and dedication. The Co-creation hypothesis centers just around the connection between the clients and the advertisers. Featuring the job of representatives and client support administrator in co-creation hypothesis could make an additionally encouraging impact on the customers’ disposition and social devotion. Customers’ enthusiastic steadfastness is another viewpoint that can be remembered for the hypothesis model since it has similarly demonstrated to be an aftereffect of fortifying the connection between the clients and the advertisers. Another region of thought is the client protest the board and administration recuperation since both could bolster and fortify the customers’ fulfillment. Co-creation showcasing approach could prompt consumer loyalty and trust that is required so as to fortify the connection between the clients and the advertisers. A solid relationship bond between the two is fundamental in creating and keeping up customers’ dedication. In light of the exploration strategy that was introduced in this investigation, fulfilling the clients has more importance in reinforcing the connection between the clients and the advertisers more than building up ‘trust’ alone. In this way, advertisers should concentrate more on customers’ fulfillment so as to fortify the connection between the two and for the advertisers to accomplish attitudinal and social steadfastness from the clients. Expanding the customers’ fulfillment isn't absolutely subject to

Learn Vocabulary In Another Language Google-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Learn Vocabulary In Another Language Google? Answer: Presentation: As per Mena-Marcos, Garcia-Rodriguez, and Tillema (2013), intelligent composing causes understudy educators to more readily comprehend their instructing practice. Be that as it may, as an understudy, a similar idea is imperative to me as it causes me comprehend the course materials compressively. Intentional reflection by understudies urges understudies to plan, get ready, and break down what they have realized. It applies all the more so if understudies are offered undertakings to perform (Zubizarreta, 2009; Jasper, 2005). Additionally, Spalding, Wilson, and Mewborn (2002) see that reflection empower students to get examination aptitudes and will in general follow the set down guidelines easily. Additionally, Collins and Clarke (2008); DasGupta and Charon (2004) likewise discovered that intentional reflection for the most part underpins development of expert information among students. In that capacity, undertaking this intelligent report will be valuable to me in my vocation way. T his report will cover my learning objectives which incorporate; building up my scholarly composing abilities and creating basic perusing and thinking aptitudes. Also, other learning objectives incorporate building up my time the executives aptitudes and figuring out how to explore the college site viably. Time the board advancement Misra and McKean (2000) contend that time the executives has a method of affecting the exhibition of understudies in school. Specifically, time the executives practices have an inclination of making a buffering impact on scholastic worry among undergrads than exercises they take part in during relaxation. Characteristically, poor time the board has attempted to my hindrance on a few events. In certain cases, I couldn't complete my exercises on a need premise since I could invest more energy in online life rather than scholarly investigations. This carried a great deal of strain to me when assignments were expected or when we were going to sit for tests. In accordance with Anne Sen (2010), getting the chance to recall such experiences can help in self-awareness and a later expert turn of events. Despite the fact that I didn't pay attention to my investigations by permitting calls to occupy me when contemplating, I attempt to change my ways by offering need to what is important. Some of the time, I could get punished for presenting my assignments late in light of poor time the executives. Once more, I didn't design sufficiently for the course. I came up short on a timetable that guided my activities on the course. Such absence of bearing hampered my trust in the program. Be that as it may, time the board is viewed as a significant segment in any expert practice and work execution (Waterworth, 2003). In that capacity, I didn't follow this exhortation which in the end drove me having more issues with my scholastics, and explicitly this course. It is in this way essential to oversee time proficiently as it legitimately impacts execution. Scholastic composing improvement As indicated by Canagarajah (2013), scholarly composing tone is exceptionally critical in making scholastic progress. Every single documented has its tone of composing, vocabularies that are basic with specific courses. Biber, Gray, and Poonpon (2011) contend that syntactic intricacy is normal in scholarly composition. For instance, complex thing phrase constituents. It is consequently significant for understudies to compose and maintain the prerequisites of a specific scholarly territory. For example, referencing materials of law concentrates as a rule use Oxford or Oscola (Meredith, 2011). In my course, I have been experiencing difficulties of changing over my perspectives viably into English, lacking precise introduction abilities. I could mumble words when called upon to make introductions. The issue was intensified by the way that I don't peruse story books, I was not genuine with my past examinations, and I cherished my local language instead of English. Learning different dialects is significant as it encourages one to embrace in new conditions (Nation, 2013). A similar idea applies to scholastic composition. Obtaining new aptitudes to better my introduction, examination, and conceptualizing of the course material will start with acing scholarly composition. Talking and composing familiar English won't just lift my evaluations yet in addition my relational abilities. Moreover, Covey (1990) recommend that individual propensities are extremely fundamental in understanding the change we need. Understanding that I have a shortcoming in scholarly composition and moving in the direction of turning the table around is the initial step for progress. All things considered, I mean to clean my feeble zones of the course with the goal that I become among the best entertainers. Furthermore, improving my scholastic composing aptitudes will raise my certainty since I am not ready to communicate my thoughts accurately. As a remarkable speaker, I wi ll be at a degree of engaging lives and going about as good examples to different understudies. Creating basic perusing and thinking aptitudes Perusing is an ability that empowers one to communicate for oneself (Turner et al., 2011). At the point when we can talk and read articulately, our reasoning aptitudes are sustained to improve things. Turner et al., (2011) takes note of that contemplating exercises empower us to alter our exercises and to fit in new circumstances. Besides, well-suited reasoning abilities increment our insight and can remember and imitate what we have realized. It goes further by upgrading our application abilities, understanding different substance, having an alternate point of view of looking and taking care of circumstances. At the point when these characteristics become our going concern, at that point, we change as individuals and become important in the general public. In this course, I was not used to perusing different references and study directs as suggested by the teacher. Furthermore, I did not have the certainty of sharing my thoughts in class from posing inquiries on what I didn't understand to making an improvement in my powerless regions. Notwithstanding, Zan and Di Martino (2007) sees that inspirational disposition towards a subject is the way to understanding the subject. Despite the fact that the couple is discussing science, the idea of learning is comparable over all fields. It is subsequently basic for me to decide and concentrate on passing this course. Starting at now, I have understood that is was my negative disposition towards the course that added to my underperformance in this course. Thusly, I created challenges in catching what is instructed and even what I used to peruse. In a perfect world, the problem was frequently spread by my day of work of center to things that don't make a difference like online networking and absen ce of earnestness. Besides, Emrich, Thompson, and Moore (2003) recognize that changing the outlook is the beginning stage of moving towards the correct course. I attempt to change path view of this course and for the most part my profession to improve things. Exploring the college site Turner et al. (2011) perceive that our reasoning assumes an indispensable job in whom we become. I have perceived the way that I have an issue exploring the college site, explicitly, the slate where mentors post course materials. In this course, I am not habituated with learning devices and evaluation systems, new to web based learning innovation, and not capable in PCs. These shortcomings have extraordinarily meddled with my presentation on the course. I have not been taking an interest completely in addresses because of a paranoid fear of being posed an inquiry. What's more, in this way, I have neglected to give my best to the course. I can likewise perceive the way that by rehearsing, I can accomplish my fantasies. By getting sharp during preparing will assist me with getting a handle on more procedures of exploring the site (Chretien, Goldman Faselis, 2008). Going to instructional exercises and posing inquiries about my SCU chalkboard is the progression of picking up my scholastic opportunity on this course and different subjects. From that, I won't just have the option to get to class notes yet will likewise procure investigate abilities. Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault (2015) perceive that exploration aptitudes help in completing examinations effortlessly. Accordingly, I will complete this course and my general program a keen researcher. End Reflection on what we have been educated is the most ideal approach to catch and ace what we realize day by day (Melissa Craft, 2005). It resembles keeping a journal of what we are doing day by day. Reminding ourselves what we did and recording it opens our psyches to fathom even apparent complex exercises. Making a move to horn my scholarly abilities, perusing and thinking aptitudes is a positive development to free my vocation. Besides, chipping away at my time the board aptitudes won't just impart discipline in me yet in addition help my confidence and certainty, which are plans for progress and accomplishing significance. In addition, realizing how to explore the web is a basic ability for any understudy. It assists support with looking into abilities just as investigative methods. Proposal I prescribe the accompanying methodologies to defeat different difficulties confronting my learning objectives; give adequate time each day to gain from study directs and be acquainted with Blackboard and fix the web gives that is regularly delayed for figuring out how to occur. Moreover, I reason to make a week by week meeting organizer and go as needs be to help oversee time in like manner and think about turning off my telephone while reading for greatest focus. Besides, make an understood vision of the present moment and long haul objective to accomplish my scholarly objectives and general vocation objective. To create basic perusing and thinking aptitudes, I prescribe to prepare myself to build up an understanding society and go past the recommended coursework. At last, to build up my scholarly composing aptitudes, I want to work on composing through research on the site for general acclimatization of progress and scholastic insurgency. References Anne Sen, B. (2010). Intelligent composition: an administration skill.Library management,31(1/2), 79-93. Biber, D., Gray, B., Poonpon, K. (2011). Should we use attributes of discussion to gauge linguistic unpredictability in L2 composing development?.Tes

International Fellows Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

International Fellows Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog When filling out your admission application to SIPA you will notice a section labeled International Fellows Program (IFP). Applying to become an International Fellow at SIPA is optional.   This means that it is not a requirement that you submit an essay as part of your admission application.   Not submitting an IFP essay will have no impact on the decision of the Admissions Committee in any way. However, the IFP program is an outstanding opportunity to shape your future in a unique way and I believe it is worth the time to submit an essay as part of your admission application.   Below is a short video that provides insight into this truly exceptional opportunity.

Gender Roles in Modern Literature - Free Essay Example

Romance in modern literature oversees the typical Happily ever after and the image of love made to endure. The fabricated idea of the perfect man made to sweep a woman off her feet in the return of falling at his. Throughout centuries authors have been posing the suppression of womens thoughts and feelings under the authority of man. Ernest Hemingway and Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two examples of authors who depict the downfall of marriage through gender roles. Hills like White Elephants and The Yellow Wallpaper render two females who succumb to the control of their significant other, leading to the potential distress of marriage. The role of man in The Yellow Wallpaper consists of not only a husband but a physician, of high standing (Gilman 75) who serves as the primary decision maker throughout Janes suffering. Treated as a child, Jane is repressed from making her own decisions, believing that, congenial work, with excitement and change (Gilman 75) would do her good. That being said she seizes at his feet with no intention of disagreeing with not only a man who fell in love with her, but also someone who believes there is no reason to suffer (Gilman 77). Similarly, Hemingways, Hills Like White Elephants presents the same male dominating relationship as Jig falls second to the American. In situations as simple as orderingan alcoholic beverage, Jig lacks the knowledge of another language when she calls on the American being the only one able to interact with the hispanic lady. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade (Hemingway 139). She is not referred to as woman or lady, but rather called on as the girl. The evolution of girl to woman comes with power, and in comparison of these two works, both women are powerless in the eyes of man. While discussing a certain operation, Jig is described as incapable of making the decision to abort her baby, on her own. Being recognized as a girl rather than a woman, she loses her strength and provides the American with the determination to return to normality where things will be like they were (Hemingway 141). Fulfilling the roles of husband, doctor, and caregiver, John is oblivious to how serious his wifes sickness has turned. Not only is he selfish, but stubborn with his own diagnosis of Jane to be, temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical tendency (Gilman 77). His words eat at her brain, causing her to turn away from the truth and run towards the darkness he provides. By simply allowing himself to listen to his wife, he would recognize her mental instability and provide her with the proper care needed to restore mental function. She continues to write in her journal, Im glad my case is not serious! (Gilman 77). In strict comparison with The Yellow Wallpaper, the American is seen to be just as stubborn as John. I think its the best thing to do. But I dont want you to do it if you dont really want to. (Hemingway 141). By consistently implying that its the only thing that made us unhappy (Hemingway 141), Jig is drawn to the idea of regaining that happiness and fulfilling an everlasting marriage. Meanwhile the American is selfish enough to let her lose her first child with a man whom she is completely devoted to. He runs from the idea of settling down andhaving a child as he finds comfort in knowing he can leave whenever. Ultimately, having this baby puts a damper on his escape plan and leaves a mother with no husband. Both authors provide the prevailing concept of gender roles depicting man to suppress women from their true reality and happiness. Aside from the runoff comparisons, a contrast is found within the two works. The resolution in both short stories is different as in Hills Like White Elephants, it is up to the audience to determine the ending as Hemingway excluded key information from the story such as the Americans name as well as how he chose the story to end. From doing so, the reader can infer that the baby was aborted due to the American constantly insisting that a life without a baby would bring much more happiness to their relationship. Jig was longing for this new happiness and after being constantly reminded and under the control of the American, she chose what was best for him rather than herself.

A Brief Note On The Canadian Womens Association Of Ontario

ARTICLE 6 – GOVERNANCE 6.1. Term of Office a) Positions shall be for a three (3) year term. b) No official shall serve in the same capacity for more than two (2) consecutive terms. c) All offices, roles, functions and responsibilities described herein are on a volunteer basis. THE CHADIAN CANADIAN WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO GENERAL MEETING 6.2. Definition the Chadian Canadian Women’s General Meeting refers to the open general meeting of all members of Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario, and individual and honorary Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario members; 6.3. Meetings: The Assembly shall be convened at least once every year also referred to as the Annual General Meeting (AGM); 6.4. Functions of the†¦show more content†¦b) The Executive Committee shall carry out the plan of the organization forward by being responsible for governance and recruitment, staffing and community relations. c) The Executive Committee shall consist of the President, Vice-President, Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, Treasurer, Deputy Treasurer and Past-President. The position(s) of Member-at-Large may be created as needed by the Board of Directors. d) The Executive Committee shall be elected from and by the Board members of the Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario 7.3. Functions of the Executive Committee - Members of the Executive Committee shall severally and collectively: a) Be responsible that the day to day management of Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario occurs; b) Represent only the interests, aims and objectives of Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario; c) Work together as a team in providing leadership to Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario; d) Execute decisions made by the Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario Assembly (AGM); e) Have power to constitute ad-hoc committee(s) with specific terms of reference; f) Prepare annual reports and annual financial reports for approval by the Board of Directors of Chadian Canadian Women’s Association of Ontario before submission to the annual general meeting; g) Liaise with other organizations; h) Liaise with government; i) Be accountable to the Board of Directors of

Antoinette Brown Blackwell Early Woman Minister

Known for: first woman in the United States ordained by a congregation in a major Christian denomination Dates: May 20, 1825 - November 5, 1921 Occupation: minister, reformer, suffragist, lecturer, writer Antoinette Brown Blackwell  Biography Born on a farm in frontier New York, Antoinette Brown Blackwell was the seventh of ten children. She was active from the age of nine in her local Congregational church, and decided to become a minister. Oberlin College After teaching for a few years, she enrolled in one of the few colleges open to women, Oberlin College, taking the womens curriculum and then the theological course. However, she and another woman student were not permitted to graduate from that course, because of their gender. At Oberlin College, a fellow student, Lucy Stone, became a close friend, and they maintained this friendship throughout life. After college, not seeing options in ministry, Antoinette Brown began lecturing on womens rights, slavery, and temperance. Then she found a position in 1853 at the South Butler Congregational Church in Wayne County, New York. She was paid the small annual salary (even for that time) of $300. Ministry and Marriage It was not long, however, before Antoinette Brown realized that her religious views and ideas about womens equality were more liberal than those of the Congregationalists. An experience in 1853 also may have added to her unhappiness: she atttended the Worlds Temperance Convention but, though a delegate, was refused the right to speak. She asked to be let go from her ministerial position in 1854. After some months in New York City working as a reformer while writing of her experiences for the New York Tribune, she married Samuel Blackwell on January 24, 1856. She met him at the 1853 temperance convention, and discovered that he shared many of her beliefs and values, including supporting womens equality. Antoinettes friend Lucy Stone had married Samuels brother Henry in 1855. Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily Blackwell, pioneer women physicians, were sisters of these two brothers. After the Blackwells second daughter was born in 1858, Susan B. Anthony wrote to her to urge that she have no more children. [T]wo will solve the problem, whether a woman can be any thing more than a wife and mother better than a half dozzen, or Ten even... While raising five daughters (two others died in infancy), Blackwell read widely, and took special interest in natural topics and philosophy. She remained active in womens rights and the abolitionist movement. She also traveled widely. Antoinette Brown Blackwells speaking talents were well known, and put to good use in the cause of woman suffrage. She aligned herself with her sister-in-law Lucy Stones wing of the woman suffrage movement. Her dissatisfaction with the Congregational church led her to switch her allegiance to the Unitarians in 1878. In 1908 she took a preaching position with a small church in Elizabeth, New Jersey, which she held until her death in 1921. Antoinette Brown Blackwell lived long enough to vote in the presidential election of November, woman suffrage having taken effect earlier that year. Facts About Antoinette Brown Blackwell Collected Papers:  The Blackwell family papers are at the Schlesinger Library of Radcliffe College. Also known as:  Antoinette Louisa Brown, Antoinette Blackwell Family, Background: Mother: Abby Morse BrownFather: Joseph Brown Education: Oberlin College 1847: Ladies Literary Course, a  2 year  literary curriculumOberlin, Theology degree: 1847-1850. No degree, because she was a woman. Degree granted later, in 1878.Oberlin, honorary Doctor of Divinity Degree, 1908. Marriage, Children: Husband: Samuel Charles Blackwell, a  businessman  and brother to  Elizabeth Blackwell  and  Emily Blackwell  (married January 24, 1856; died 1901)Children: sevenFlorence Brown Blackwell (November 1856)Mabel Brown Blackwell (April 1858, died August 1858)Edith Brown Blackwell (December 1860) - became a physicianGrace Brown Blackwell (May 1863)Agnes Brown Blackwell (1866)Ethel Brown Blackwell (1869) - became a physician Ministry Ordination: 1853Ministry: Congregational Church, South Butler, NY, 1853-1854Ministry: All Souls Unitarian Church, Elizabeth, NJ, preacher 1908-1921 Books About Antoinette Brown Blackwell: Elizabeth Cazden. Antoinette Brown Blackwell: A Biography. 1983.Carol Lassner and Marlene Deahl Merrill, editors. Friends and Sisters: Letters Between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, 1846-93. 1987.Carol Lassner and Marlene Deahl Merrill, editors. Soul Mates: The Oberlin Correspondence of Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown, 1846 - 1850. 1983.Elizabeth Munson and Greg Dickinson. Hearing Women Speak: Antoinette Brown Blackwell and the Dilemma of Authority. Journal of Womens History, Spring 1998, p. 108.Frances E. Willard and Mary A. Livermore. A Woman of the Century. 1893. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage. History of Woman Suffrage, Volumes I and II. 1881 and 1882.

Informative Speech How to Improve Your Bowling Score Essay

Specific Purpose: I want my audience to know how they can improve their bowling scores the next time they go out on a Friday night. Organizational Pattern: Informative Introduction I. Attention-Getting Device: How many of you guys think that you are the worlds worst bowler? I bet you didnt know that the lowest game ever bowled by a man on ABC mens league is two. Mike Kappa, of Racine, Wisconsin, accomplished his outrageous score by throwing 18 gutter balls. However Richard Caplette, of Danielson, Connecticut, who threw nineteen in one game, holds the record for the most gutter balls. II. Orientation Phase A. Point: I would like to inform my fellow classmates about bowling and how they can improve their games while†¦show more content†¦B. Another important piece of equipment is the bowling ball. 1. The bowling ball should be the proper weight proportion to the bowlers weight. 2. A bowling ball should also be selected that is easy for the bowler to hang on to and release when bowling. Transition: Now that you know what equipment to use, I will explain the proper approach when bowling. II. I know that many of you have probably been to the bowling many times, but have you ever been shown the proper way to approach the lanes. A. The first one should do is do things backwards. 1. A bowler should start at the foul line and go through the four-step approach as if they had a bowling ball and were getting ready to throw it at the pins. Where the bowler stops after their four steps that is the place where they should start when the game starts and they are getting ready to throw the ball. B. The next thing the bowler should do is find a mark. A place on the lane in which they intend to throw the ball. 1. After a bowler has found a mark then the bowler can adjust the placement of their feet in order to get the bowling ball to hit the pocket and get a strike. Transition: Finally I would like to tell you about some games that can help you improve your bowling games and add a little fun and competition with you and your friends. III. Now that I have explained the equipment and some basic fundamentals, I am going to tell you about aShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRating Scale 166 Comparison Data 166 Source of Personal Stress 166 3 SOLVING PROBLEMS ANALYTICALLY AND CREATIVELY 167 SKILL ASSESSMENT 168 Diagnostic Surveys for Creative Problem Solving 168 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 EvaluatingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesAttribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier

History Of Income Inequality During The Gilded Age Essay

From 1938-1969, in America was in a period called the great compression, a time where the difference between the richest and poorest Americans was very small and economic growth was explosive. Due to past and current economic policies and events, income inequality has exploded in America, which is why in 2015 America had the highest level of wealth inequality in the world at 80.56 gini[1] . In the future this inequality will slow down economic growth, increase debt for middle income Americans, make America less democratic, and reduce economic mobility. This problem, however, does have solutions and this paper will lay out some of the solutions and the effect they will have on the economy, but first I will explain the history of income inequality in the US. The presidents during the gilded age embrace laissez-faire economic policies and refusal to regulate the banking sector, allowed for large amounts of investment that led to the stock market increasing in value rapidly and an environment that fostered technological advancements led to an age of economic prosperity, that was especially beneficial for all Americans especially the wealthy.[2] However, the rampant levels of income inequality and relatively slow wage growth at the time made it hard for working and middle class people to buy the amount of new technology at the rate it was being produced, thus leading to insufficient demand for products that were heavily invested in which created a bubble in the stock market.[3]Show MoreRelatedThe Gilded Age And The Age Of Information1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe term the â€Å"Gilded Age† was coined by Mark Twain. â€Å"By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath.† With its period o f extreme economic growth, there was tremendous wealth, but only for the wealthy. The â€Å"Second Gilded Age,† which some say was brought on as the Information Age, brings a level of inequality to America that has never been seen before. Experts believe that this shift could kill the American dream. The Gilded Age and the Age of Information areRead MoreThe Gilded Age By Mark Twain1300 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Martinez Dr. John Farrell History 12 (Tues. and Thurs. 9:30am-10:45am) 19 November 2015 The Second Gilded Age The Gilded Age is a term that is commonly used to describe the time period in American history in which the government â€Å"...was very favorable to the wealthiest Americans.† (Globalyceum Student Course Page 842) This period was named by the famous American author Mark Twain. Twain named this era the â€Å"Gilded Age,† because on the surface America seemed to be wealthy, but in realityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era1108 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era Throughout the history of time, people named certain time periods based on the events that occurred. People considered the time from the 1890s to 1916 as a shift of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era when many things changed dramatically. The â€Å"Gilded Age† was the time of innovation, invention, and rapid growth, but the presence of monopolies sprouted everywhere in American’s economy and led to social inequalities. Then the Progressive Era respondedRead MoreEssay On Connecting The Present And The Past708 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Proposal: Connecting the Present and the Past The rising income inequality between the wealthy and the rest of the population gave rise to the Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011. The idea behind the movement is the discomfort by the middle and lower class that a minority control the majority of the wealth in the nation. The richest 1% of the U.S. total population own a total of one-third of the U.S. net worth. From an economist’s perspective, one can see the gradual trends which got theRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of America1621 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history, America was faced with many problems socially, economically, politically, and technologically. But America has also experienced many great successes in these areas as well. Some opportunities were seized, while others were wasted. We can learn from our past failures and successes and take what we have learned from them forward with us into the future, to help build and maintain a better America. The Gilded Age, during the late 1800’s, was a time in America where we experiencedRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Nineteenth Century And The Succeeding Period887 Words   |  4 PagesTwo prominent eras of American History were the Gilded Age at the end of the nineteenth century and the succeeding period, the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age, also know as the Second Industrial Revolution, was a peak of high economic development with the rise of technological advancements in a free market environment, meaning that the economy was driven by self-interest instead of gov ernment authority. Besides its economic growth, the Gilded Age handle changes in social divisions. After the abolishmentRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1211 Words   |  5 Pagesinto the country. However, during this period America also faced great amount of poverty, terrible working conditions, mass political corruptions, and a destruction of civil rights for African Americans, women, and immigrants. 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To be more specific, oneRead MoreThe United States and the Ideals of Freedom Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of freedom has changed to meet changing attitudes. Throughout our nation’s history, there have been significant periods of racial, economic and civil rights inequalities. There are different meanings for freedoms that have been established throughout the historical period of the United States. During this modern era, the US had certain periods of time that lived up to the ideals of freedom such as the Gilded Age. In opposition, the US has also had periods of time where our ideals of freedomRead MoreThe Numerous Changes to America from Reconstruction to the New Deal1582 Words   |   7 PagesAmerica following Reconstruction was completely different from America during FDRs New Deal. In 1876, the government was based on the ideas of Laissez-faire which meant that government stayed out of the citizens lives. Society in 1876 was dominated by white men who ran the country while there were no rights for women, blacks, and immigrants. In 1876, Americans lived on farms in rural America. By the 1930s, America was a welfare state with government just starting to control different aspects

Women at Work Free Essays

Assignment: Article summary The article â€Å"Family Coping Strategies: Balancing Paid Employment and Domestic Labour† by Meg Luxton sheds a different view on the responsibilities laid out in family life. In today’s society it’s almost a necessity to have both parents working, to support a family. This fact, along with the improvement of females having independence, is the cause of the ever growing number of working women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women at Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now These, along with many other statistics are showing the rapid improvement and change that woman and families are showing. Year after year we can see the dynamics of the family shifting. It is not the same anymore, that women are the housewives doing all the housework and childcare. However women still have to work to get the equality, and not have to face â€Å"The second shift† once they get home. Husbands need to start stepping up and help out. Workplaces too need to step up, in the sense that they need to try and create better working environments for women. Unions have been formed to try to perfect benefits, and to shed light on the negative aspects they may have. This whole article shows an interesting view on family coping strategies, and gives lots for people to think about. Society’s gender roles are changing significantly with the rise in the amount of women who are contributing to the yearly income of their household’s. It has been proven that because women are starting to contribute to household incomes it has resulted in increased satisfaction between husbands and wives and excuses from males such as â€Å"I’m the one bringing home the money, I deserve to rest when I get home† are becoming less valid. A statistics Canada survey in 1995 stated that 64% of women who worked said it was essential for their happiness and 55% agreed that it was the best way to be independent. Females at work who are married no longer have to depend on their husbands for their needs because they are able to provide them on their own. Unlike the many women who stay with their spouse in an unhappy or abusive relationship due to the resource theory which is a theory that explains how women will not leave in fear that if they do they will not be able to support themselves, most working women with a stable job will easily find the strength to leave because they are more independent. Having a job gives women a sense of control of their lives and an overall high self-esteem because they are recognized by their husbands as well as children for their work. Not only does it give women something to do, it also ensures stability in one’s family income. Here are a few statistics that demonstrate the challenge of balancing paid employment and domestic labor within the family setting in Canada. This challenge arises because of the inequalities between what men and women earn in the work force and also because of the uneven distribution of chores in unpaid domestic labor. If we compare salaries in 1997, men had the higher income of the couple in 77% of Canadian families. (Globe and Mail 21 Feb. 2000). This situation has however improved since the early 60’s when 70% of women in male-female couples were dependent on their spouse as the sole income provider. (Oderkirk, Silver and Prud’homme 1994. ) Also when couples divorced men’s incomes raised on average 10% whereas women’s income usually decreased by 23% in 1997(Toronto Star 10 April 1997). Women feel pressured to work from home or part-time because they are often expected to do most of the domestic labour and this is their way to balance the two. In 1993 they represented nearly 70% of Canadian part-time workers (Ghalam 1993). On sharing of domestic labour front, are still generally the ones to do the bulk of it although men have been more active in this part of family life since the 70’s. Women are involved the most in childcare. In 1998, 80 percent of women spent more than 15 hours on childcare compared to only 49% of men (Statistics Canada 1998a). These statistics show some improvement in the overall equality between the work load divided between men and women in families. However women are still usually found in a position of disadvantage compared to men. The fact that women have joined the work force doesn’t seem to have impacted the way man act at home. Even though there have been many chances throughout the years on how women are seen in society and there role it, there hasn’t been much change when it comes to domestic labour. It is still very sex segregated. In the past adult man were those had the primary responsibility of earning the income for the family while the role for an adult woman was to act as the housewives whose primary responsibility was running the family home, having children and caring for its members. Yet now that women share the responsibility of bringing in the income, the logic would that man also help around the house but instead what is now happening is that women find themselves carrying out the â€Å"double shift†, where they go to work in the morning and then they go home to cook, lean, get the kids to bed and have their things prepared for next day. Due to this inequality of household work between men and women, women find themselves at a disadvantage because they have to learn to balance both domestic labour and paid work, which results in them not putting as much effort in their job as they could, therefore they do not reach their best potential which results in lack of opportunities for them. Some wor kplace calls their work â€Å"family friendly†. What this means for them is: women can come at work a bit earlier and leave earlier. A few women have struggled to make workplaces more cooperative for their person lives. They have fought for maternity, parental, etc. in order to take care of their love ones. â€Å"Family friendly† workplace as well includes women taking their specific amount of â€Å"sickness days† (allowed days off) to go take care of their family and once those days ended, therefore will unpaid for additional days taken. Some will have three weeks off to taking care of their hospitalized husband but will be paid only one week. They are basically losing 66. 7% of their paycheck due that. Those women will have to leave their husband at home to take care of themselves and will have to go back to work due to the time allowed was only three weeks. What the employers do not know is the fact they become anxious therefore difficult to focus at work. Most workplace relies on women workers who are experienced or more skilled because it is hard to replace them. Therefore, those women are more advantaged to have more privilege than others. The time you have off at work it is very limited that women will have to sacrifice in order to balance family and paid work. Employers do not understand or ignores the fact that those women have family and the time (days off allowed) given is insufficient for them. In conclusion nowadays it’s harder to survive with only one income so both men and women have to bring an income to be able to accommodate to today’s needs. A job for women brings a sense of control to their life and independence. Although employers have given benefits to women such as maternity leave which is great because women don’t have to worry about since they will have an income coming while caring for their newborn , yet these benefits that employers give them can sometimes be seen as superficial because they know that women tend to need to leave work more often than men ( because they take care of the family) employers are most likely going to ive promotion to men or hiring men for the more important position witch leaves women in what is known as the glass ceiling where their chances of going up in their career is reduced . Women don’t only face inequality at work but they also face it at home where domestic labour is still sex segregation and women come home to the second shift where they are expected to take care of household work. We all need to realize that women are both important in the workforce and for the childrearing therefore we should encourage them to keep doing both by giving them the proper support that they deserve. How to cite Women at Work, Essay examples

Finance & Accounting

Questions: a) Prepare a Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended 31st October 20X4 in accordance with IAS 7 (revised), using the indirect method. b) Prepare a Business Report commenting on the cash position of Equity PLC. Answers: (a). CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED ON 31ST OCTOBER, 20X4 OF EQUITY PLC 000 000 Cash flows from operating activities Net profit/loss before tax and interest 15,000.00 Adjustments for: Depreciation (LB+PM) 6,000.00 Revaluation of fixed assets 2,000.00 Investment income - Interest expenses 1,200.00 - Profit/+ Loss on Sale of Fixed Asset 1,000.00 10,200.00 Operating profit before working capital changes 25,200.00 Increase in trade and other receivables (7,000.00) Decrease in inventories 5,000.00 Increase in bank overdraft 3,000.00 Decrease in trade payables (5,000.00) (4,000.00) Cash generated from operations 21,200.00 Interest paid (1,200.00) Income taxed paid (2,400.00) Dividends paid (12,400.00) Cash flow before extraordinary items - (16,000.00) Net cash from operating activities 5,200.00 Cash flows from investment activities Acquisition of subsidiary - Payment to acquire tangible fixed assets (23,500.00) Receipt from sales of tangible fixed assets 500.00 Payment to acquire investment (5,000.00) Investment income received - Dividends received - (28,000.00) Net cash used in investing activities (28,000.00) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from / (Payment) for share capital 7,000.00 Proceeds from / repayment of long-term borrowings 5,000.00 Payment of finance lease liabilities - 12,000.00 Net cash flow from financing activities 12,000.00 Net increase/decrease in cash and cash equivalents (10,800.00) Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period (Cash + Cash Equiv) 12,000.00 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period - (Cash + Cash Equiv) Introduction To have a proper understanding of a company it is essential to review the financial statements. It helps in delivering the correct answer. The evaluation is best done with the tool named ratio analysis. It helps in assessing the financial health of the business and aids in the process of decision-making (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The current report will throw light on the financial position of Equity PLC and the cash position will be evaluated by utilizing the indirect method in tune with the IAS 7. Moreover, it facilitates in the preparation of cash flow statement. Further the following major ratios will be used for analysing the financial statements: Profitability this ratio is an indicator of how profitable the company is and does it has the capability to create wealth for the users. The profit derived by the business is considered here (Williams, 2012). Efficiency the manner in which the business undertakes the resources and put to use is indicated by this ratio (Williams, 2012). Liquidity ratio this ratio is an indicator of the liquid position of the business and provides a view that whether the business will be able to meets its obligations (Williams, 2012). Leverage ratio this ratio considers the contribution of the owner and other parties. (b). Equity PLC Analysis Ratios Profitability According to the profitability ratio, Equity PLC can be tagged as a profitable company and has been able to produce a sales margin that is more than a half for every sale. But, it needs to be noted that the company should consider the operating expenses that has costed its net margin to drift down to 11% in the accounting year. Efficiency Here the company must work on the concept of working capital and its management. It should be more specific in inventory, as well as accounts receivable and its collections. The company had a trouble because the investment was locked for an average of 209 days during the year and this lead to locking up of the investment. This impacted the smooth flow of the working capital (Horngren, 2013). However, the inventory turnover ratio indicates that the company was able to turn over 1.75 times in the year. It must be undertaken that the company must be having some obsolete inventory in it. This must be looked into. The customers were provided a credit period of 65 days. This was compensated in a strong manner because it took 105 days credit from the suppliers. The advancing credit cost must be weighed with that of the cost of taking credits that ensures the company is not impacted in a negative manner (Northington, 2011). In this scenario, the company took 105 days from the supplier and he nce, working capital is high in this regard. Liquidity The liquidity position of the company is average. The quick ratio is around the base ratio that is 1:1. Moreover, this strikes the fact that the company needs to consider the management of the inventory so those obsolete inventories are eliminated. Moreover, the current ratio is not strong that will ascertain an average situation (Parrino et. al, 2012). Leverage When it comes to financial leverage, it can be ascertained that Equity PLC utilizes the debt to structure its business effectively and hence the company is not under a threat or difficulty for using the debt. This is highlighted by the ratios that are computed. The total debt needed to finance the total assets declined marginally because the total debt in tune to shareholder equity reduced. The company utilized less of debts to acquire the assets and this is properly highlighted by the decreasing equity leverage 9 Parrino et. al, 2012). Moreover, the lender is in strong position as the payment of interest will not have any problem as indicated by the operations of the company. This is reflected by the interest coverage ratio that reflects the payment of interest can be done at least 12.5 times from the profit that arises before interest and taxation during the year. Cash position of Equity PLC The income statement of Equity PLC has reflected a positive scenario while the cash flow statement projects a different one. When the cash flow statement is evaluated that has been computed utilizing the indirect method of reconciliation, it can be observed that the statement is negative. By investigating the cash flow, the following points came to the forefront: Cash is generated from operations and this is due to the fact that operating profit before working capital has increased. Net cash is used in investing activities and this is due to the payment that has been done to acquire assets and investments. Since, cash has moved out of the business and this is a strong situation of the business because cash is used for purchase of fixed assets that will help the business in the long run (Spiceland et.al, 2011). Cash has flown in due to financing activities and this is due to proceeds that have derived from the share capital and proceeds that have derived from the long term borrowings. Trade payable have declined year to year that indicates an increment in the payment of the vendors. This will need investigations because the decline in the inventory has been noticed on a year to year basis (Melville, 2013). The trade receivable enhanced considering the two statements that strikes an increment in the customer credit. Assets were written off and it aided in the increment of plant and machinery that led to year on year gap. The payment of interest enhanced that needs additional scrutiny however; an increment of the loans and overdraft might have led to such factor. Conclusion From the above study and investigation, Equity PLC looks formidable and good for the purpose of investment. The shareholders are getting adequate returns and that is the main motto. However, it needs to keep into mind various plans to operate with ease. The company should observe the operating expenses. Firstly, it should budget, monitor, as well as plan the financial statements. Secondly, it should tame the procedure of purchasing (Davies Crawford, 2012). It should adhere to the authorization and the spending limits. Thirdly, the company should discuss with the suppliers grading the prices and introduction of new suppliers. Moreover, it should provide the employees with the responsibility of evaluating the expenses. Fourthly, it must enhance the limit of the working capital and management of the inventory (Needles Powers, 2013). The company must adhere to the basic principles of inventory management that is it should be kept in a stock room; the procedures must be standard for del ivery of product and continuous stock check. It should have strong software that will look into the system of inventory. This will enable the company to have a good control over the cash flow pattern and hence, will able to get opportunities. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

The Exxon Valdez Disaster an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Exxon Valdez Disaster Many factors have been seen and people have been blamed regarding the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. One, the incapability of the third mate to properly maneuver the ship is said to have caused the spill (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, n.d.). According to the reports submitted, workers during the disaster were guilty of fatigue and excessive work load (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, n.d.). This, and the lack of training of the third mate is just one possible cause. Other issues that have been brought up and said to have contributed are Need essay sample on "The Exxon Valdez Disaster" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed the failure of the master to provide a proper navigational watch because of impairment from alcohol, two, the failure of the Exxon Shipping Company to provide sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez, and three, the lack of an effective Vessel Traffic Service because of inadequate equipment and manning levels (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: The Spill, n.d., par. 1). In addition, the master is said to have been drunk during the operations. Among the reasons, the center of the blame is being pointed to the deemed negligence of the master (Exxon Valdez, 2007). The main question now is: why, of the many possible factors that have contributed to the disaster is the masters one-time negligence being put on the spotlight? The master of a vessel, once he gains the title of master becomes an authority. The answer lies on the invisible reward or curse put on the head of the master immediately after his acceptance of the role as master. This invisible reward or curse is what people call authority or in this case, responsibility. If the spill did not happen and the cargo was delivered successfully, still with the masters admitted drunkenness, still with the third mates ineffective maneuvering of the vessel, still with the lack of manpower and ineffective Vessel Traffic Service, the only cause would have been the masters capability to maneuver the vessel effectively and lead his crew with such experience. Unfortunately, the circumstances led to the oil spill and all others put aside, even the ineffective Vessel Traffic Service, what would always be viewed and put on spotlight is the masters inefficient monitoring of the vessel, with his drunkenness only adding seriousness and giving more reason for the blame. The Exxon Valdez disaster is said to have happened because of the negligence of the people who were responsible for it. As implied earlier, this would not have been noticed if the vessel was able to drop of its cargo successfully. It is important to note that what circumstances that have caused the situation, particularly the masters drunkenness and his allowing a third mate to maneuver the vessel seem to have had been only a natural occurrence with respect to the vessels operations. Note, that in the transcripts of the events prior to the grounding, there was no indication of the third mates anxiety to do the masters job: The master left the bridge after explaining to the third mate that he wanted the ship to pass between the ice flow and Bligh Reef at 2352. Shortly thereafter the third mate turned off the automatic pilot in preparation to turn the vessel and took a bearing of Busby Island Light. The third mate then ordered the helmsman to apply 10 degrees right rudder and informed the master the the turn had began. Two minutes later the third mate ordered 20 degrees right rudder when he saw that the vessel was not turning. Again two minutes later he ordered hard right rudder due to the reading of the radar that the ship was still traveling at a heading of 180 degrees (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: The Grounding, n.d., par. 7). The third mate was not asking questions and he acted as if the masters drunkenness and absence happen regularly. Such regularity of circumstances only made an impression of correctness, that is, if a situation happens all the time, there is an implied meaning that there is nothing wrong with it. If an inpidual likes to eat breakfast in the afternoon, then it is only correct and proper, and the society to which this inpidual belongs would not and will not try to notice any wrong if nothing uneventful happens. In the case of Exxon Valdez, if the master had been used to leading the vessel drunk, and allowing a crew member to take hold of the vessel without his guidance and had been successful in directing his assigned vessel to its destination prior to the disaster, then the crew members would not see anything abnormal or incorrect. And even if they did, who are crew members to point out a masters behavior when it was not doing anything harmful, then? As it was, the erroneous behavior was only noticed after the disaster. The comfort in regularity could also be applied to the Exxon Company. Although it may not be guaranteed that the disaster could not have happened if only the master was not drunk, the lack of Ethics program could have reduced the possibility that the master would have allowed himself to lead the vessel in such disposition, which, given that this specific disposition of the master is the center of blame, could be said to have prevented the disaster. Prior to the Exxon Valdez disaster, the company had not experienced any major problem regarding their employees and their cargo disposal (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, n.d.). Their operations had gone with all their cargoes being delivered successfully with every shipping. For a company which objective is only to be able to deliver a cargo at the right time in the right quantity, it is not surprising that operational and ethical errors were overlooked if this objective is met regularly. In cases when ends were being met, the means were almost always left unnoticed, sometimes, deliberately. And since the company had always been successful, the need for an Ethics Program had never been felt. At present, that view may have already changed, only after much judicial procedures and penalties have been imposed on the company. Exxon had been held legally responsible and not the consumers (Exxon Valdez, 2007). The cargo is always the responsibility of the shipper as long as it is within its premises. The Exxon Valdez, being an asset of the company, along with its cargo should be considered its responsibilities. In this case, since the oil was in Exxon Valdez, the oil was their responsibility. The oil spill, whether it was a result of sheer negligence on the part of Exxon as it is still believed today, or a result of a mere accident, should be considered as a responsibility of the Exxon. It then follows, that cleaning up should be pioneered as well as financially supported by the company. Undoubtedly, the oil spill had resulted in heavy losses, mostly to the environment and in effect, to the people, who depend on the environment. Thus, the oil spill had resulted to losses as well as the incurring of heavy opportunity costs. It can be said that the accident, if not for the negligence of the company had taken away possible opportunities from the citizens. Placing the responsibility on the citizens through taxes and price increases is then out of the question. Increasing the taxes and the prices would be allowing the citizens to pay doubly for an accident that they never wanted nor had something to do with. Putting the burden to the citizens would similar to having a victim pay for object that that been robbed from him. In order to compensate or at least partially restore the previous lives of the victims, direct or indirect, efforts should be directed on restoring the environment and compensating for the environmental costs. As it is, the fishing community had been directly affected by the oil spill. The other citizens were affected by changes in the air and the environment (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, n.d.).It would be inevitable that oil companies would increase their prices and the citizens could not do something about it no matter how improper it would be. After all, Microeconomics has a law of its own. The case being put on scale, now is the prioritization of the environment and increasing the prices of gasoline or, putting the desires of the citizens for low gasoline prices and risking the environment. Putting the environment as priority over the desire for low-priced gasoline would produce a better long-term effect. Restoring the environment could also restore the previous livelihood of the fishing community as well as the citizens previous lifestyles. Such restoration would be priceless. However, price increase in gasoline would still be undesirable. But maintaining the low prices of gasoline without restoring the environment would also maintain the losses incurred by the accident to the citizens. This may not be accounted for in the books but economically speaking, the effects would be the same or possibly worse. The government should then impose laws to protect the citizens either by subsidizing or putting the burden on those who are responsible for the disaster. In any case, the citizens were the victims and should not suffer. The Exxon Valdez Disaster is a case of morals since the beginning. The actions of the master and all those who were involved are results of a failure, of not just properly maneuvering the vessel but of realizing the consequences of the acts. This failure had been inculcated by the lack of recognition of the errors, lack of expectations by the company to the employees, undefined principle orientation and thus, the lack of punishment appropriated to the errors. The occurrence of the disaster had cost the citizens much but it had also paved way for the start of proper imposition of punishment, in the form of responsibility. Part of this responsibility is liberating the citizens from the costs that the disaster had burdened them. Works Cited Exxon Valdez. (2007, February 13). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Valdez&oldid=107730814 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (n.d.). In Thinkquest. Retrieved 13 February, 2007, from http://library.thinkquest.org/10867/home.shtml. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: The Grounding (n.d.). In Thinkquest. Retrieved 13 February, 2007, from http://library.thinkquest.org/10867/spill/overview.shtml. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: The Spill (n.d.). In Thinkquest. Retrieved 13 February, 2007, from http://library.thinkquest.org/10867/spill/index.shtml.

7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants

7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants 7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants 7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants By Mark Nichol The elephant, thanks to its majestic size and unusual features, has inspired an assortment of metaphors and other verbal associations. â€Å"The elephant in the room,† for example, refers to an obvious issue that observers go out of their way to ignore. A more complicated connotation is that of a white elephant, an undesirable possession often donated alongside other like items at a fund-raising white-elephant sale on the assumption that someone else will find value in it. This usage is a dilution of the original meaning, based on the custom among the kings of Siam of offering a rare white elephant to noblemen who had fallen out of favor. The unfortunate recipient would then soon be financially ruined by the cost of maintaining such a beast. From this connotation arose the usage of â€Å"white elephant† to refer to a massively expensive, wasteful construction project. A pink elephant, on the other hand, is supposedly the likely hallucination of a drunk person. â€Å"Seeing the elephant,† by contrast, alludes to the onetime novelty of the animal, when people would travel far to view one in a circus parade or under the big top itself; thus, any overwhelming experience could be compared to this memorable observation. Then there’s the elephant test, which refers to the idea that an elephant is difficult to describe, but one knows it when one sees it. And sight, or the lack of it, is integral to a story told of six blind men who gave conflicting descriptions of an elephant because though each was giving an opportunity to touch one, they felt different parts: the trunk, a tusk, an ear, a leg, the stomach, and the tail. There’s also the concept of an elephant in Cairo, based on the idea of an algorithm computer programmers would develop to describe how to hunt elephants in Africa, involving a methodical sweep of the entire continent from south to north. This analog for creating a search algorithm refers to the placement of an elephant in the city in the far northeast corner of Africa to provide a termination point for the search process in case an elephant is not otherwise discovered. Two other associations of elephants are their well-documented superior intelligence and memory, and their fallacious fear of mice, perhaps based on observations in zoos and circuses of elephants, which have poor eyesight, unnerved by the scurrying of rodents. Finally, the origin of the adjective jumbo is an elephant of that name owned and exhibited by master showman P. T. Barnum. His hyperbolic advertisements of the elephant’s size led to the adoption of the animal’s name as a synonym for colossal. (Elephantine, by the way, is another synonym, though it also refers to ponderousness.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections44 Resume Writing TipsUsing Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

Using the Spanish Verb Poner

Using the Spanish Verb Poner The Spanish verb poner is one of those verbs that can be difficult to translate. It has a wide variety of meanings - just as does the English verb put, which is perhaps the verbs most common translation into English. Originally, poner conveyed the idea of placing something somewhere. However, its meaning has expanded over the centuries to include abstract concepts such as the placement of ideas or concepts or bringing about various kinds of changes. It is often used in the reflexive form (ponerse). Keep in mind that poner is conjugated highly irregularly. Irregularities occur in both the stem and the endings. Key Takeaways: Poner Poner  is an irregular verb that most commonly means to put. Poner has multiple definitions. It generally conveys the idea of changing a location or status of something or someone, either literally or figuratively.Poner  can be used reflexively, such as when it means to get dressed. Meanings of Poner Following are some of the meanings of poner, along with sample sentences, that can be ascribed to poner. This list is not complete. Note that many of the English translations could have been made using put; in practice, you often can do the same. Alternative verbs have been used to convey the idea that poner has many meanings. Placing Objects or Arranging Siempre pone las llaves en el escritorio. (He always puts the keys on the desk.)Todos los dà ­as sale de su casa a las 8:30 de la maà ±ana y pone el telà ©fono celular en la consola de su auto. (Every day she leaves her house at 8:30 a.m. and places her cell phone on the console of her car.)Puso la mesa para la maà ±ana siguiente. (He set the table for the next morning.) Putting on Clothing Se pondr la camisa que ms le guste en ese momento. (He will put on the shirt he likes most at the time.)Al llegar a la piscina me puse las gafas. (When I arrived at the swimming pool I put on my goggles.) Investing or Contributing Money Si ponemos 1000 pesos, en un aà ±o recibimos 1030. (If we invest 1,000 pesos, in a year we will receive 1,030.)Puso tres dà ³lares en el juego de La Rueda de la Fortuna en el casino. She gambled $3 on the Wheel of Fortune game at the casino. Effecting Change Puso el coche en revà ©s. (He put the car in reverse.)Las elecciones pusieron fin a la revolucià ³n. (The elections put an end to the revolution.)La lesià ³n del hombro me ponà ­a en un aprieto. (My shoulder injury put me in a bind.)Si hay algo que la ponà ­a de mal humor era el verano, el calor. (If there is something that put her in a bad mood, it was the summer, the heat.)Pusieron la casa en venta cuando se mudaron a Los ngeles. (They put the house up for sale when they moved to Los Angeles.) Becoming Se puso muy triste. (He became very sad.)Akira se puso azul por momentos y casi devuelve lo que habà ­a comido en una semana. (Akira turned blue for a short time and almost threw up what she had eaten during the week.) Designating Sà ­, es verdad que le pusieron Pablo Pingà ¼ino. (Yes, its true they called him Pablo Pingà ¼ino.)El Departamento de Justicia puso dos millones de dà ³lares como precio por la cabeza de Benjamà ­n. (The Justice Department set $2 million as the price for Benjamins capture.) Showing or Displaying  ¿Quà © ponen esta noche en la tele? (What is on TV tonight? Literally, what are they showing on TV tonight?) ¿Tienes una gran foto?  ¡Ponla en tu sitio web! (Do you have a great photo? Show it on your website!) Phrases Using Poner In addition to having a wide variety of meanings on its own,  poner  is part of various phrases and idioms whose meanings arent always obvious. Here are some of the common ones: Poner bien a alguien  (to have a high opinion of someone)  -   Como era el ms inteligente de los tres, me ponà ­an bien.  (Because I was the smartest of the three, they thought highly of me.)Poner en claro  (to make clear)  -   Con su permiso, pondrà © en claro el concepto de inflacià ³n.  (With your permission Ill make the concept of inflation clear.)Poner en marcha  (to start)  - Luego, puse el coche en marcha.  (Later, I started the car.)Poner en juego  (to put in danger)  -   La guerra pone en juego el futuro de la ONU.  (The war puts the future of the U.N. in danger.)Poner en riesgo  (to put at risk)  -   El mal tiempo puso en riesgo el helicà ³ptero en el que viajaba el presidente.  (The bad weather put the helicopter that the president traveled in at risk.)Poner huevo  (to lay an egg)  -   Tengo dos canarias hembra que no ponen huevos.  (I have two female canaries that dont lay eggs.)Poner pegas  (to object)  -   Nunca p onà ­a pegas a nada. Todo lo parecà ­a bien.  (I never objected to anything. Everything seemed fine.) Poner por encima  (to prefer)  -   Ponà ­an el negocio por encima de todo.  (They made business their highest priority.)Ponerse colorado  or  ponerse rojo  (to be embarrassed or ashamed, to blush, to turn red)  -   Era muy tà ­mido. Si alguien me decà ­a algo me ponà ­a rojo y sudaba.  I was very shy. (If someone told me something I would blush and sweat.)Ponerse de pie  (to stand up)  -   Se puso de pie y golpeà ³ el escritorio con el puà ±o.  (He stood up and pounded the desk with his fist.)Ponerse de rodillas  (to kneel, to fall to ones knees)  -   El jardinero se puso de rodillas, implorando el perdà ³n de su imprudencia.  (The gardener fell to his knees, begging forgiveness for his carelessness.)

History of the Japanese in North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of the Japanese in North America - Essay Example People from Japan began migrating to the U.S. in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the 1868 Meiji Restoration. Particularly after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigrants were sought by industrialists to replace the Chinese immigrants. In 1907, the "Gentlemen's Agreement" between the governments of Japan and the U.S. ended immigration of Japanese workers (i.e., men), but permitted the immigration of spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the U.S. The Immigration Act of 1924 banned the immigration of all but a token few Japanese. The ban on immigration produced unusually well-defined generational groups within the Japanese American community. Initially, there was an immigrant generation, the Issei, and their U.S.-born children, the Nisei. The Issei were exclusively those who had immigrated before 1924. Because no new immigrants were permitted, all Japanese Americans born after 1924 were--by definition--born in the U.S. This generation, the Nisei, became a distinct cohort from the Issei generation in terms of age, citizenship, and language ability, in addition to the usual generational differences. Institutional and interpersonal racism led many of the Nisei to marry other Nisei, resulting in a third distinct generation of Japanese Americans, the Sansei. Significant Japanese immigration did not occur until the Immigration Act of 1965 ended 40 years of bans against immigration from Japan and other countries. The Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted naturalized U.S. citizenship to "free white persons," which excluded the Issei from citizenship. As a result, the

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

English class - Essay Example Assassinations regularly feature in the game. Fire fighting and flying helicopters are simulated. In the later releases, especially after the grand theft auto 2, players are forced to overcome extreme and unfortunate events like being left for the dead and betrayal. This becomes a motivation for advancing through the criminal ladder in the game leading to the triumph of the character by the end of the story line (Bogenn 79). The game also involves driving taxis and carjacking. The grand theft auto III makes violence to be more realistic and practical to children. The players have opportunities to pay for prostitution services with the aim of recovering health. Then the players can kill to recover the money. The game is seen to be moving from the traditional heroic roles offered by the games to illegal activities. The players are forced to commit a wide variety of crimes (Kutner and Olson 41). The grand theft auto displays a notion where the player only faces short term consequences. In the game, the players end up killing policemen and soldiers. Grand theft auto is said to have controversial content especially with regard to children. The episodes of the game are said to have a grave impact of the children’s behavior. The video game is linked to aggression and addiction to vices and violence. A study in 2001 showed that contents of grand theft auto and similar games lead to increased aggression less pro-social behavior among children (Bogenn 79). The violence practiced in the games makes children be comfortable with antisocial behavior like ignoring the rights of others. Grand theft auto is also said to have positive impacts on children. It’s been argued that it trains children to be team players, competitive and that the video characters are not reflected in the real life situation. Grand theft auto leads to both long term and short term aggressive and violent behavior (Kutner and Olson 41). The video game depicts women as sex objects

Recruitment Selection And Retention And Sainsburys Management Essay

Recruitment Selection And Retention And Sainsburys Management Essay Human resources are the people who work in an organisation; they are the most important people in every organisation. Human resources can provide hard and clear method of their value to look up the performance. Human Resources Management (HRM) is to enables the organisation and member of staffs to use their skills to achieve the goals and relationship. At the means time, HRM must guarantee the agreement is satisfied. Human Resources Management (HRM) at Sainsburys is to recruit, develop and maintain quality of staff because the staffs are come from different resources to work in the same organisation. The HRM department is deal with recruitment, training, motivation, salaries, induction and career planning. The reason of training is to give opportunities to the staffs to develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills to help Sainsburys to achieve the goals. To be successful, Sainsburys has found out about the needs and objectives of every single staff, for example through the assessment process and then creating the opportunities within the organisationand outside the organisation for staffs to improve themselves. Sainsburys HR Policies Sainsburys has given the applicants an equal opportunities policy to be treated at the same way. The Sainsburys is respects applicants privacy. Any information that applicants have given is security and keeps with extreme care. The HRM will ensure and keep all the information safely. They will only use the information in a sensible time. They will store the information that the applicants provide to them for a limited time only if the application is unsuccessful. Recruitment, selection, and retention Recruitment for Sainsburys is the process to have the right person, in the right place, at the right time. It is important to organisational performance. Recruitment is an important activity, not just for the HR team but also for line managers who are increasingly involved in the selection process. All those involved in recruitment activities should be aware of relevant legislation.   There are two main processes for selecting applicants: short listing and assessing applicants to make a decision who should be offered a job. To use a variety of tools appropriate to the time and resources available to make to decision of selection. To ensure Sainsburys is fair and reliable; all the tools they use should be certify and regularly review. Recruiting and selection the best member is only half of the conflict. Sainsburys realise that to maintaining and developing their members are more important. Sainsburys has found the best way is to keep their members around the goal and provide plenty of opportunities for everyone, to achieve their potential. Sainsburys has started their retention program since 2004, and they have reduced the number of non-management members leaving each year. Sainsburys will advertise their vacancies in their website www2.sainsburys.co.uk. When applications want to apply for a position, they will need to provide their personal information as below: Name Address Postcode Date of birth Marital status Qualifications Employment history National Insurance Number 2 references contact information CV (for certain roles only) The HR department will use all this information to: To process the recruitment application They may use telephone or email to contact the applicants to discuss their application If the applicants approval to the application, they will be consider for selection position which may be equivalent to Internal record keeping Complete their legal obligation Frame recruits records if application is successful If the applicants are successful in their application, HR department will contact referees to get references When HRM department post a job advertisement, they will always follow or remember about Anti Discrimination Legislation. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Makes criminal to discriminate in an advertisement by mention sex The Race Relations Act 1976 Makes criminal an advertisement that discriminates against any particular race The Age Discrimination Regulations 2006 Makes criminal to discriminates against employees on account of their age Task 2: Building Winning Team The principles of team working may be easy to understand, but the mission of installing it can be quite scary. Introducing team working is not straight forward job, the simple matter of adding a new idea to those already in place. It is about making a fundamental change in the way people work. Every team working application is different. Each organisation, department and individual group is faced with unique problems and in some situations it is more about getting rid of old ways of doing things than injecting new ones. (J. Wilson, Building Team- with attitude) Meredith Belbin a British researcher and management theorist, best known for his work on management teams. He developed one of the most popular and widely used analyses of individual roles within a work group or a team. Teamwork has always been a system that has proved productive over the year. The most consistently successful team involve a range of roles undertaken by a mixture of members. Meredith Belbin has carry out a study that took many years of work, and the results are held in high regard. Belbin has created nine useful types team roles. Belbin Team-Roles Inventory Team roles Strengths Allowable weaknesses Plant Creative, imaginative, personal Solves difficult problems Ignores information Too thoughtful to communicate well Monitor evaluator serious, tactical and sensitive Sees all options Judges accurately Lacks drive and ability to inspire others Specialist Single minded, self sharing, enthusiastic Provides knowledge and skills in rare supply Contributes only on a narrow front Dwells on technicalities Shaper Challenging, active, succeed on pressure The drive and courage to overcome problem Can hassle others hurts peoples feelings Implementer Disciplined, reliable, traditional and well-organized Turns ideas into handy actions Always refer to the roles fairly inflexible Slow to response to new possibilities Completer careful, hard-working, nervous Searches out errors and omission Delivers on time Inclined to worry unduly unenthusiastic to delegate Co-ordinator Mature, confident, a good leader Clarifies goals, promotes decision making Delegates well Can be seen as manipulative off-load personal work Teamworker Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic Listens, builds, averts friction unsure in crunch situations Resource investigator outgoing person, enthusiastic, communicative Explores opportunities Develops contacts Over optimistic Loses interest once initial enthusiasm has passed Task 3: Evaluate leadership The way in which the managers normally perform towards members of the teams is known as leadership style. There are four types of leadership style are using by Sainsburys as below: Laissez-faire leadership Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership Bureaucratic leadership Democratic leadership LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADERSHIP STYLE Laissez-faire style is the leader who does not actually control or involve in the task. The leader will empowerment the members to make decision, to decide what they think is best. Laissez-faire style also known as a hand off leadership style because the leader doesnt gives direction to the members. Most laissez faire styles offer no or very little guidance to the members of the same group, amidst leaving the making of decisions to other group members.   As much as it could be clearly effective in those situations where most members happen to be highly qualified and skilful in their area experience and know-how, it has often led to poor roles definition plus a sheer lack in motivation. The advantages and disadvantages of Laissez-faire leadership style: Advantages If the members are very responsible If the members are guided by his own target Disadvantages Members feel that they dont have their sense of direction and focus Poor management and no good results Members lose motivation and interest to finish a task Less communication between the teams and leaders AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Autocratic leadership style is the leader does involves and responsibility in all task. The leader can be possible to reserve the right decision. The leader will make all the decision and they will not ask or allow any of the members to give any suggestion and opinion. All the members are under control by the leader. Autocratic leadership style is one of the oldest styles and is the easiest style to see the immediate goals. When the important tasks are handled quickly and correctly, the leader need to make sure all the members are exactly know where they need to be and doing their job. This leadership style will make the assistants depressed because there is too much direct inspection To be a successful autocratic leader in Sainsburys, the leader needs to remember few things as follow: Respect the assistants Explain to rules Be consistent Educate before enforce Listen, even if you dont change The advantages and disadvantages of Autocratic leadership style: Advantages Where control is necessary Very effective when is stressful Members can become more potential to improve the organisation Leaders have the best idea More motivation for the members Quick decision and less argument Disadvantages Create a panic and offence environment Progress will delay Sometimes can be annoying the team members Leaders are responsibility for the results Members feel unhappy and fail to appreciate Less chances to communicate with each other BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Bureaucratic leadership follows a close set of standards. The leader does everything should be according to procedure, rules and policy. The entire task done in an exact, specify way to make sure safety and truth. The leader normally works in a dangerous environment and need to specific some necessary procedures to ensure the safety. Advantages Team members have to follow the routine which is given Team members need to know certain principles or procedures Team members are given security and safety training Members of teams are involving in cash handling if require Leader will always need to communicate with team members Disadvantages Members lose their motivation and interest Members do only what is expected DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE Democratic leadership style is called the partnership style because it encourages team members to be a part of decision making. This leadership style is a very open and collegial style of running a group. The leader will always discuss with or ask permission from members before decide anything. Advantages More motivation and interesting More chances to communicate between leader and team members Can get or share different idea, opinion, experience Can build a good relationship between leader and members Decision will be more accurate Disadvantages Spend more time to make a decision Situation can develop where responsibilities are not clear cut. Cooperation can result in actions that are not the most effective THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP Great Man Theory Behavioral Theory Management Theory Relationship Theory Great Man Theory Great Man theory believed that the ability for leadership is natural, means that the leaders are born but not made. Also describe the leaders are brave enough, mythic and designed to develop the leadership when it needed. Early research on leadership based on the study of great leaders. These people were often from the elite, as some of the lower classes had the opportunity to lead. Contributed to the impression the leadership had little to do with reproduction. Great ideas mythic domain of human thought that in times of need, a great man, will create magic with almost, lost. Easy to verify that people like Eisenhower and Churchill was the point, go back and forth only those with time, even Jesus, Moses, Mohammed and Buddha. Gender issues table when the Great Man theory was proposed were not. Most leaders were male, and a great womans thought leadership in other areas was generally. The researchers were also male, and andocentric bias to worry about was a long way from being realized. Behavioral Theory Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they see exactly what politicians do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it may be very easy to work on the same way other people. Its easy to teach and learn then the more short-term property or capabilities adopt. Behavioral trait theory assumes that leadership ability that can be contained rather than, can be learned is a big leap. It opens the floodgates to leadership development, as opposed to simple psychometric assessment that with the leadership of the kind of people who will never get the chance. Develop a behavioral theory is quite simple, as you just assess both leadership success and the actions of politicians. With a large enough study, you then can correlate with success statistically significant behavior. You can identify the behaviors that contribute to failure, thus adding another layer of understanding. Management Theory Management Theory, also identified as Transactional theory, it is focus on the role of supervision, organization and group performance. Team members perform their best if the task is clearly given and they need to be carefully and make sure that expectations are met. The management theory is bases leadership on a system of rewards and punishments. When team members are performing well, they are giving reward; when they performing poorly, they are giving punishment. For management theory is very important to have rules, standards and procedures. The management theory is more effective if the tasks are simple and clearly defined, so the team members are not expected to be creative. Relationship Theories Relationship theories, also known as transformational theories, it is focus on the connections between leaders and followers.  Transformational leaders are normally active, excited and passionate. They are not only involved and concerned in the process but also  motivated and encourage people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. The leaders also have high ethical and moral standards. TASK 4: Work and development needs Development needs of individual For Sainsburys to be a successful organisation and to achieve the goals, it is very important that to monitor or measure the team members performance on a regular basis. Normally Sainsburys will measure the individual members performance every six month. To measure members performance is not only to accurate performance review but also to judge and measure members potential. Sainsburys is using the ways below to measure individual performance: Quantity- the number of units produced, processed or sold Quality- the quality of work performed Timeliness- how fast to finish a job Attendant- how regular the member work Personal appearance- how they dress for work Feedback- positive and negative feedback from colleagues and customers 360-Degree or Full-Circle Appraisal:  The members performance is appraised by everyone who works together. Including managers, customers and members of other departments. After the performance measurement, Sainsburys will improve their members by giving them more training, motivation, incentives. Incentives included increasing salary and rewards. If the members are performance well they will be given rewards like presents, gift vouchers, etc; or by increasing their pay rate. Training and motivation are to provide and increase the job knowledge and individual skills at each level. It also helps the members to expend the horizons of human brain and an overall personality. Factor affecting the quality of performance Productivity- to increase the productivity of the members to achieve the long team goal of the organisation. Team spirit- to improve the sense of team work and relationship of team members. Organisation culture- to develop and improve the organisation health culture and effectiveness Quality- to improve the quality of work and work life Morale- to improve the morale of the work force Health and safety- to improve health and safety skills Training- to improve and make sure team members understand